Generated by All in One SEO v4.9.10, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # Black Sidus Astronomy News ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://blacksidus.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [Welcome to Pluto](https://blacksidus.com/welcome-to-pluto/) - After a long journey of 9 years in the solar system, the New Horizons spacecraft has conducted the first in-situ reconnaissance of Pluto. Our solar system is made by rocky planets like the Earth, Mars, Venus and Mercury that populate its inner regions, by gas giants like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune in the outer regions and several smaller icy - [Tutorial: Radiative Transfer II](https://blacksidus.com/tutorial-radiative-transfer-ii/) - This second tutorial on radiative transfer is the follow-up to tutorial I. Let me repeat that sometimes you will find some collapsable/expandable paragraphs marked in blue (questions) or orange (quiz). These are quick tests to check your knowledge as you follow the tutorial. Click on the colored paragraph to read the hint/answer. Radiative Transfer Theory - [The New Solar System](https://blacksidus.com/the-new-solar-system/) - This blog has been silent for a long time due to personal reasons and in the meanwhile many things have changed. I am in the process of updating the website and writing about my new affiliation and my new research group and I will try to do this as soon as I can. There is - [Astronomy with Social Impact: Discover the Solar System](https://blacksidus.com/quaternion/) - A few months ago I decided to begin a new adventure together with some friends that share with me the belief that knowledge is humanity's most important resource. We created a small publishing start-up, called Quaternion, whose mission is to "increase the global scientific literacy as a means to support and promote education among the - [The Human Computer: Katherine Johnson's Story](https://blacksidus.com/the-human-computer-katherine-johnsons-story/) - The story of the African-American mathematician Katherine Johnson is one of a kind that must be told. She was born in the United States in 1918, a time marked by racial segregation and inequality. An exceptional mathematician, graduating from college when she was just 18, she began working for NASA in the early 1950s, in - [Lightweight and Supermassive Black Holes Hidden in Galaxies](https://blacksidus.com/lightweight-and-supermassive-black-holes-hidden-in-galaxies/) - In the past few days, there has been two interesting astrophysics news about black holes. The first one is about a super-massive black hole discovered in an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy. Such galaxies are tiny (both in mass and size) when compared to our Milky Way. The galaxy M60-UCD1 (where UCD is the acronym of Ultra-Compact-Dwarf) is - [A Deadly Spider in Disguise](https://blacksidus.com/yet-another-deadly-spider-in-disguise/) - My colleagues and I have recently studied a new peculiar binary system (XSS J12270-4859) formed by a neutron star and a low mass star that can be found in the constellation Centaurus, in the southern hemisphere. Our recent work, lead by Cees Bassa from ASTRON, can be found on the arXiv. XSS J12270-4859 has been discovered - [Tutorial: Radiative Transfer I](https://blacksidus.com/tutorial-radiative-transfer-i/) - This tutorial is meant to complement the first lecture of the course High Energy Astrophysics. Here you can practice your knowledge of the topic after completing Lecture 1. Sometimes you will find some collapsable/expandable paragraphs marked in blue (questions) or orange (quizzes). These are quick tests to check your knowledge as you follow the tutorial. - [Tutorial III: Thermal Radiation](https://blacksidus.com/tutorial-iii-thermal-radiation/) - Thermal and Thermodynamic Equilibrium Thermal radiation is radiation emitted by matter in thermal equilibrium. There is a great deal of confusion when discussing thermal equilibrium since it is often used as a synonym for thermodynamic equilibrium. However, these two concepts are different although related. A body in thermodynamic equilibrium has reached thermal equilibrium as well - [Research and Mobility in Academia](https://blacksidus.com/research-and-mobility-in-academia/) - Whoever has undertaken an academic career knows one very basic truth: it's very difficult if not impossible to have a permanent position in the same University where you earned your Ph.D. Changing the working environment, especially for those who aim for a bright scientific career, is a very beneficial and powerful way to increase your - [Creative Thinking in Science](https://blacksidus.com/creative-thinking-in-science/) - Scientific discoveries can be divided, very broadly speaking, into four categories: major serendipitous discoveries, major discoveries that happen within a well known theoretical framework, major discoveries achieved by following unconventional ideas and minor incremental discoveries that most commonly are made when following an established agenda. The latter kind of discoveries certainly embrace the largest number - [The Dead Disk](https://blacksidus.com/f7-gif/) - This is our (i.e., Caroline D'Angelo and I) new paper submitted for publication to The Astrophysical Journal and posted on the astro-ph archive (http://arxiv.org/abs/1304.6430; update: it's now accepted: ApJ 771, 94). We describe observational evidence for the existence of a new accretion disk solution called dead disk, which emerges under certain conditions when the magnetospheric radius - [NWO Vidi Fellowship](https://blacksidus.com/nwo-vidi-fellowship/) - I have just been awarded an NWO Vidi fellowship to stay in the Netherlands for another 5 years. I will most probably bring this grant to the Leiden Observatory. I will build a group there and my starting funds will let me hire one Ph.D. student and one postdoc. Exciting times ahead! Here you find - [Why do astronomers not leave feedback on papers?](https://blacksidus.com/why-do-astronomers-not-leave-feedbacks-on-papers/) - Astronomy is a very fast evolving science and astronomers have always been at the forefront when using the latest web technologies. We astronomers use the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS), a great bibliographic database that contains an enormous amount of papers published in astronomy, astrophysics and physics in the last century or so. We also - [First Black Hole Mass and Spin Measured with Timing](https://blacksidus.com/first-black-hole-mass-and-spin-measured-with-timing/) - Imagine having a black hole spinning around a normal companion star like our Sun. At some point of its evolution, the black hole can start removing and devouring matter from the outer layers of its companion star, in a process known as accretion. During this phase, the matter becomes so hot that it shines X-rays - [The Clouds Around the Monster](https://blacksidus.com/the-clouds-around-the-monster/) - Neutron stars are few kilometres sized objects that come to life when a massive star dies in a devastating supernova explosion. A few months ago a very peculiar neutron star has been discovered in an even more peculiar location of our galaxy. A magnetar is neutron star surrounded by a magnetic field so intense that - [Do Mid-sized Black Holes Exist?](https://blacksidus.com/do-mid-sized-black-holes-exist/) - We know that black holes exist in Nature with at least two different sizes: super-massive ones, that live in the centre of galaxies and stellar-mass black holes. The origin and evolution of these two types of black hole are very different. The millions of stellar mass black holes that populate our galaxy are mostly formed - [The Mutant Star](https://blacksidus.com/the-mutant-star/) - Accreting Millisecond X-Ray Pulsars are amazing objects (see also my research page in the section "Accreting Millisecond X-ray pulsars"). They are neutron stars that orbit around a relatively small star like our Sun or less massive and eat gas from the stellar outer layers ripping them off with their strong gravitational pull. These accreting pulsars - [Some Free Codes for Top Research in Astronomy](https://blacksidus.com/some-free-codes-for-top-research-in-astronomy/) - I am mostly an observer working in the field of high energy astrophysics, doing experiments and performing observations with space and ground-based telescopes. However, once in a while I also like very much to use numerical codes to solve complex physical problems that require large computational resources. So I would like to share the numerical - [Public or Proprietary Data?](https://blacksidus.com/public-or-proprietary-data/) - Nowadays astronomical data is recorded in two ways. Either remotely, for example with space telescopes, or in ground based observatories. In the latter case however, astronomers do not usually perform the observation by themselves, but they propose which object (and how) should be observed. Then, if the proposal is approved, a mission control centre or - [Quantum Vortices in the Sky](https://blacksidus.com/quantum-vortices-in-the-sky/) - Turbulence is a common chaotic phenomenon that everyone has certainly experienced: you witness the development of turbulence when you stir a coffee too vigorously or watch the smoke of a cigarette or feel the aeroplane going up and down. What makes turbulence often spectacular is the presence of several vortices which are indeed seen in - [A New Millisecond Pulsar Catalogue](https://blacksidus.com/a-new-millisecond-pulsar-catalogue/) - Triggered by the idea of J. Hessel while I was working at ASTRON, I decided to create a new pulsar catalog that includes all radio, gamma, and accreting millisecond pulsars known. The list is updated but of course omissions and mistakes are certainly possible. So please if you notice a mistake submit a correction by - [Is There Anybody Out There?](https://blacksidus.com/is-there-anybody-out-there/) - How many times have we heard the question "are we alone in the Universe"? Does life exist somewhere else? Does intelligent life exist? There's no need to introduce the topic, as countless discussions have been made through the centuries. Still, this question remains one of the most (if not the most) fascinating ones about the - [What did Stephen Hawking Really Say about Black Holes?](https://blacksidus.com/what-did-stephen-hawking-really-say-about-black-holes/) - Many of us have recently seen in the media the shocking news that Stephen Hawking has claimed that "there are no black holes". But did Hawking really propose that black holes do not exist? Stephen Hawking did recently post a very short paper, based on a talk that he gave at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics - [The Missing Link](https://blacksidus.com/the-missing-link/) - (Update: one paper is now published http://iopscience.iop.org/2041-8205/781/1/L3/) Today I'd like to tell a brief story and discuss three recent papers accepted or submitted to The Astrophysical Journal & The Astrophysical Journal Letters (and make some self-promotion as I've been involved in writing two such papers). The story is about an extraordinary object, called PSR J1023+0038, - [The Future of High Energy Astrophysics](https://blacksidus.com/the-future-of-high-energy-astrophysics/) - The European Space Agency has made its final decision: the M3 class mission that will fly in the next decade is the exoplanet mission PLATO. The LOFT observatory, a competing high energy mission, arrived close second and will not be funded in this ESA call (a formal decision from ESA still has to be made in mid-February, - [An Heavyweight Supermassive Black Hole...](https://blacksidus.com/an-heavyweight-supermassive-black-hole/) - This is a supermassive black hole spotted by Chandra that might weigh as much as 10 billion times the mass of our Sun (Link To the Chandra Website with the Original Image & Explanation) - [Gravitational Wave Meeting](https://blacksidus.com/event-gravitational-wave-meeting/) - In this blog I post news about my research or discuss news in astrophysics that involve compact objects, i.e., black holes, neutron stars and white dwarfs. I've now decided to start a new experiment and post summaries of fresh information that I gather while attending conferences and meetings around the World. This is not something - [3rd Dutch Gravitational Wave Meeting: A Summary](https://blacksidus.com/3rd-dutch-gravitational-wave-meeting-a-summary/) - As publicized on this blog, last Friday I attended the 3rd Dutch Gravitational Wave Meeting. I followed the event on my Twitter account and this post is a summary about the most exciting news discussed during the day. Below you will find only my personal selection of some of the talks presented during the day. You - [The Physics of Neutron Stars](https://blacksidus.com/the-physics-of-neutron-stars/) - The 10th edition of the conference "The Physics of Neutron Stars" will be held this summer (July 28 - August 1) in St. Petersburg, Russia. St. Petersburg is a beautiful city with a great history and is home to the Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute which is hosting the conference. Unfortunately, the political tension between Russia and USA/UE - [](https://blacksidus.com/1178/) - The Millisecond Pulsar Catalogue has been updated: 65 pulsar ephemeris updated, 0 new pulsars added. - [Black Hole Information Paradox: Firewalls or Chaos?](https://blacksidus.com/an-answer-to-stephen-hawkings-black-hole-paradox/) - A few weeks ago Stephen Hawking released a paper discussing the black hole information paradox that triggered an intense debate in the scientific community and had a large impact on the public. I have discussed his paper on this blog and I refer to that post for further reference. In short: Stephen Hawking suggested a - [Cosmic Inflation and Primordial Gravitational Waves](https://blacksidus.com/cosmic-inflation-and-primordial-gravitational-waves/) - Two days ago the BICEP2 collaboration has made an astonishing announcement: the first direct evidence of cosmic inflation has been found. Cosmic inflation is a theory that traces back to the '80s and that predicts that the very early Universe has expanded at a tremendous rate for a fraction of a second (about one billionth of - [Rethinking Neutron Stars](https://blacksidus.com/rethinking-neutron-stars/) - The last weeks have been very exciting for neutron star astrophysics. In particular, there is news that has the potential to strongly change the way we think about neutron stars. The first one is of experimental nature and has been announced at CERN on April 13. The "Large Hadron Collision beauty" (LHCb) collaboration reported the unambiguous detection - [The Deadly Spider Has Been Found!](https://blacksidus.com/the-deadly-spider-has-been-found/) - A few days ago (Feb. 5th) I wrote a post about a special source, named XSS J12270-4859, a cryptic name behind a binary system composed of a neutron star and a normal companion star slightly less massive than our Sun. The special property of this system is that it belongs to a new family of - [Did a Meteorite Almost Hit a Skydiver?](https://blacksidus.com/did-a-meteorite-almost-hit-a-skydiver/) - Update (09-Apr): It seems that the rock in the parachute hypothesis has now been accepted as the correct explanation. One of the video-makers believes so too. Here a summary from the Dutch nrc.nl (in Dutch!). Today I watched an astonishing video on the web about a meteorite that has almost hit a skydiver who was launching - [What Are Neutron Stars Made Of?](https://blacksidus.com/what-are-neutron-stars-made-of/) - The wonderful discovery of the Higgs boson announced at CERN in July 2012, has represented another big leap forward for the Standard Model of particle physics that explains how elementary particles behave in the microscopic world. The Large Hadron Collider, the largest and most powerful experiment ever made (but only the 6th in terms of costs, - [The Super-Massive Black Hole Stays on a Diet](https://blacksidus.com/the-super-massive-black-hole-stays-on-a-diet/) - At the very center of our galaxy lives a gigantic black hole with a mass more than four million times that of the Sun. The existence of such an immense monster does not constitute an anomaly in our Universe but rather a common occurrence since most (if not all) galaxies host huge black holes in their center. These - [](https://blacksidus.com/1220/) - The Millisecond Pulsar Catalogue has been updated: 65 pulsar ephemeris updated, 1 new pulsar added. Total pulsars: 350 (NOTE: 351--> 350 as one pulsar was redundant). - [](https://blacksidus.com/1228/) - The Millisecond Pulsar Catalogue has been updated: 65 pulsar ephemeris updated, 3 new pulsar added. Total pulsars: 353. - [Detecting the Sound of Neutron Stars](https://blacksidus.com/detecting-the-sound-of-neutron-stars/) - If a sound propagates and bounces off an object, its wiggly echo brings signatures of the physical properties of that object . Bats, dolphins and other cetaceans are famous for using this principle, named echolocation, to chase prey and identify objects in the environment. Something similar happens also during an earthquake, when a large number of - [2014 in review](https://blacksidus.com/2014-in-review/) - The WordPress.com stats helper monkeys prepared a 2014 annual report for this blog. Here's an excerpt: The concert hall at the Sydney Opera House holds 2,700 people. This blog was viewed about 38,000 times in 2014. If it were a concert at Sydney Opera House, it would take about 14 sold-out performances for that many - [Fermi Paradox and Super-intelligence](https://blacksidus.com/fermi-paradox-and-super-intelligence/) - The Fermi paradox is the known contradiction between the lack of observational evidence for advanced alien civilizations and the estimates of the number of such civilizations in the Universe. The latest results of the Kepler space observatory suggest that about one-fifth of all known stars in the Universe should host an Earth-like planet, whereas there - [Life in the Solar System and Beyond](https://blacksidus.com/life-in-the-solar-system-and-beyond/) - One of the most difficult problems that science still needs to solve is the question of the origin of life. We have very strong evidence that life emerged on Earth around 3.7 billion years ago when our planet was less than 1 billion years old. It is very exciting to notice that in the first - [The Habitable Zone Around Neutron Stars](https://blacksidus.com/the-habitable-zone-around-neutron-stars/) - In the past 20 years, there has been an explosion of discoveries in the field of exoplanets, i.e. planets located outside our solar system. Today we know more than 3,600 exoplanets around 2,700 different stars and the number grows day after day as new data comes in. The number of stars in our Milky Way - [Fermi Paradox and Superintelligence 2: The Small Colonies Hypothesis](https://blacksidus.com/fermi-paradox-and-superintelligence-the-small-colonies-hypothesis/) - Let's resume our discussion on the implications of the Fermi paradox on superintelligence. As I said in my previous article, any civilization that masters space travel and achieves the possibility of building megastructures, must have developed superintelligence as a prerequisite. This consideration is based on an extrapolation of our current technological level and on reasonable - [The Pulsar Habitable Zone](https://blacksidus.com/the-pulsar-habitable-zone/) - This is a nice video published on John Michael Godier's youtube channel, which talks also about our recent paper on the pulsar habitable zone and pulsar planets. Enjoy! https://youtu.be/VjEDBCjDzRQ - [Press Release: Black Hole Pretenders May Be Superfast-Spinning Pulsars](https://blacksidus.com/press-release-black-hole-pretenders-may-be-superfast-spinning-pulsars/) - Press release on the Scientific American about our recent paper (led by Slavko Bogdaonov from Columbia University) on a transitional millisecond pulsar who behaves as a black hole impostor. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/black-hole-pretenders-may-be-superfast-spinning-pulsars/ - [Press Release: The Habitable Zone around Pulsars](https://blacksidus.com/press-release-the-habitable-zone-around-pulsars/) - A press release on our paper just published on Astronomy & Astrophysics on the pulsar habitable zone: http://www.astronomie.nl/#!/index/_detail/gli/habitable-pulsar-planets-theoretically-possible/ - [Life on Venus: Media Hype or Serious Possibility?](https://blacksidus.com/life-on-venus-media-hype-or-serious-possibility/) - On September 14, 2020, a new paper appeared in the prestigious peer-reviewed journal Nature Astronomy. The paper has had quite a big media coverage because the topic is among the most interesting we can think of: the presence of life on other planets of the solar system. In particular, this paper reports the detection of - [New Millisecond Pulsar Catalog](https://blacksidus.com/new-millisecond-pulsar-catalog/) - A new version of the millisecond pulsar catalog has been published. This page has not been updated for a while, but now it should be updated every few weeks. As usual, if you spot a mistake, please let me know. As you can see the table allows a direct download of the data in the - [Update: Millisecond Pulsar Catalogue](https://blacksidus.com/update-millisecond-pulsar-catalogue/) - A new major update has been done on the millisecond pulsar catalogue. We count now 350 radio millisecond pulsars and 15 accreting millisecond pulsars. Updates will (hopefully) be made every first of the month. ## Pages - [High Energy Astrophysics 2023](https://blacksidus.com/teaching/teaching-hea2023/) - Lecture 1: Radiative Transfer Lecture 1 slides Lecture notes 1 Tutorial I Lecture 2: Blackbody and Thermal Radiation (part I) Lecture 2 slides Lecture notes 2 Tutorial II Lecture 3: Blackody and Thermal Radiation (part II) Lecture slides & notes: see the continuation on the previous lecture slides Rosseland Mean Approximation (Radiative Diffusion Approximation) Source - [Introduction to the Physics of the Cosmos](https://blacksidus.com/teaching/introduction-to-the-physics-of-the-cosmos/) - Lecture 1 Slides lecture1-1Download Source Function: ALMA exampleDownload - [Teaching](https://blacksidus.com/teaching/) - Physics of the Cosmos High Energy Astrophysics 2022 High Energy Astrophysics (2019-2020 / 2020-2021) Radiative Processes (2016-2017) Radiative Processes (2015-2016) Radiative Processes (2014-2015) High Energy Astrophysics: Compact Objects (2010-2011) - [Radiative Processes (year 2014-2015)](https://blacksidus.com/teaching/rp-2014/) - Lecturer: Alessandro Patruno & Rowin Meijerink The "Grade" for the final exam is calculated already with the 30%-70% average rule. If the exam score was higher than the average score of your in-class tests then we have kept the exam score as the final (provisional) grade. The retake score instead is calculated without considering the - [Radiative Processes (year 2015-2016)](https://blacksidus.com/teaching/rp-2015/) - Lecturer: Alessandro Patruno & Rowin Meijerink Results retake 29-1-2016 Results Exam 15-12-2015 NOTES: Students marked in red did not pass the exam. Students marked in blue have improved their scores thanks to their test exercises. If you would like to see your exam results or you have questions please do not hesitate to contact me. - [Radiative Processes 2016-2017](https://blacksidus.com/teaching/rp-2016/) - Lecturer: Alessandro Patruno Books: Rybicki & Lightman (RL) & Ghisellini v2 (G) You can choose either the R&L or Ghisellini's textbook (which is free and can be downloaded from the link above). Using only the slides is fine but it is strongly recommended that you use at least one textbook. Check also the slides of Lecture 1 - [High Energy Astrophysics 2020](https://blacksidus.com/teaching/rp-2020/) - Lecturer: Alessandro Patruno High Energy Astrophysics. R&L = Rybicki & Lightman G = Ghisellini LECTURE 1 Lecture 1 Material to study: most of chapter 1 on R&L (or G). LECTURE 2 Lecture 2 Rosseland Material to study: 1.5 from R&L. Use also the Rosseland approximation document above (but also the treatment on the R&L is - [High Energy Astrophysics: Compact Objects (yr. 2010-2011)](https://blacksidus.com/teaching/high-energy-astrophysics-compact-objects-yr-2010-2011/) - This is a course in compact objects (neutron stars, white dwarfs, and black holes) that I gave at the University of Amsterdam for the M.Sc. in Astronomy & Astrophysics in the year 2010-2011. My T.A. was Salome Dibi. The textbook used was Shapiro & Teukolsky "Black Holes, White Dwarfs, and Neutron Stars". I wrote this - [Neutron Star Astrophysics Introduction](https://blacksidus.com/neutron-stars/) - This is a brief introduction on neutron stars that I have written for some high school students. I thought to share this with everyone, but keep in mind this is very basic material where sometimes I have favored intuition over a rigorous description of facts. Comments are welcome (as always). Neutron stars can be used - [About Us](https://blacksidus.com/about-us/) - My name is Alessandro Patruno and I am a professional astronomer. I got a Ph.D. from the University of Amsterdam in 2009 (see my publications). I've worked in several research institutes across the world and am passionate about teaching, outreach, and science in general. The key objective of my research is to carry on fundamental - [Contact](https://blacksidus.com/contact/) - Alessandro Patruno Please enable JavaScript in your browser to complete this form. Name * First Last Email * Comment or Message * Submit - [Millisecond Pulsar Catalog](https://blacksidus.com/millisecond-pulsar-catalogue/) - List of rotation and accretion powered millisecond pulsars compiled by Alessandro Patrunolast updated 24 March 2022 NOTES The pulsars are shown with their spin period in ascending order. The AMXPs are instead displayed at the end of the table. The criteria used for sources selections are the following: Spin period < 30 ms Surface Magnetic - [Privacy Policy](https://blacksidus.com/privacy-policy/) - Who we are Our website address is: https://blacksidus.com. What personal data we collect and why we collect it Comments When visitors leave comments on the site we collect the data shown in the comments form, and also the visitor’s IP address and browser user agent string to help spam detection. 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